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| لینک |
An airliner is a large fixed-wing aircraft whose primary function is the transportation of paying passengers. Such aircraft are usually operated by an airline which owns or leases the aircraft.
The official definition of an airliner varies from country to country, but the common definition is an aircraft with seating for 20 or more passengers and/or an empty weight above 22,680 kg (50,000 lb.), with two or more engines
Wide-body jets
The largest airliners are wide-body jets, commonly known as jumbo jets. In the aviation industry, these aircraft are frequently called twin-aisle aircraft because they generally have two separate aisles running from the front to the back of the passenger cabin. Aircraft in this category include the Boeing 747, Boeing 767, Boeing 777, Airbus A300/A310, A330/A340, DC-10, MD-11, and Ilyushin Il-86/96. These aircraft are commonly used for long flights between airline hubs with many passengers.
Narrow-body jets
A smaller, more common class of airliners are the narrow-body or single aisle aircraft. Examples include the Boeing 717, 737, 757, DC-9, MD80 series, and Airbus A320 family. Older airliners like the Boeing 727, DC-8, Fokker 70/100, VC10, Tupolev, and Yakovlev jets also fit into this category. These smaller airliners are generally used for medium distance flights with fewer passengers than the than their wide-body counter-parts.
Regional airliners
Regional airliners typically seat fewer than 100 passengers and may be powered by turbofans or turboprops. These airliners, though smaller than aircraft operated by major airlines, frequently serve customers who expect service similar to that offered by crew on larger aircraft. Therefore, most regional airliners are equipped with lavatories and have a flight attendant to look after the in-flight needs of the passengers. Typical aircraft in this category are the Bombardier CRJ series and "Q" (DASH-8) series, Embraer ERJ 145 family, ATR 42/72 and Saab 340/2000. Airlines and their partners sometimes use these for short flights between small hubs, or for bringing passengers to hub cities where they may board larger aircraft.
Commuter aircraft
Passenger aircraft with 19 or fewer passenger seats are called commuter aircraft or air taxis, depending on their size, engines, and seating configurations. The Beechcraft 1900, for example, has only 19 seats and thus, depending on local and national regulations, it may not qualify as an airliner and may not be subject to the regulations applied to larger aircraft. Members of this class of aircraft normally lack such amenities as lavatories and galleys and typically do not carry a flight attendant. Other aircraft in this category are the Fairchild Metro, Jetstream 31/41, and Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante. The Cessna Caravan, a single-engine turboprop, is sometimes used as a small airliner, although many countries stipulate a minimum requirement of two engines for aircraft to be used as airliners. Twin piston-engined aircraft like the Cessna, Piper, Britten-Norman, and Beechcraft, are also in use as commuter aircraft.
Engines
Until the beginning of the jet age, piston engines were common on propliners like the Douglas DC-3. Now nearly all modern airliners are powered by turbine engines, either turbofans or turboprops. Gas turbine engines operate efficiently at much higher altitudes, are far more reliable than piston engines, and produce less vibration and noise.
Airliner variants
Some variants of airliners have been developed for carrying freight or for luxury use corporate use. Many airliners have also been modified for government use as "VIP" transports and for military functions such as airborne tankers (for example, the Vickers VC-10, Lockheed L1011, Boeing 707), air ambulance (USAF/USN McDonnell-Douglas C-9), reconnaissance (Embraer ERJ 145, Saab 340, Boeing 737), as well as for troop-carrying roles.
| لینک |
The European Court of Justice has annulled an EU-US agreement requiring airlines to transfer passenger data to the US authorities.
The court said the decision to hand over the data, including addresses and credit card details, lacked an "appropriate legal basis".
The US says the information helps identify potential terrorists.
EU and US officials say they are confident a solution can be found to enable the data transfers to continue.
Stewart Baker, an assistant secretary of state for the US Department of Homeland Security, said: "I am confident that we will find a solution that will keep the data flowing and the planes flying."
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 It's really a problem for the lawyers  David Henderson, Association of European Airlines  |
Washington had warned that it would impose heavy fines and deny landing rights for any airline failing to comply with the agreement.
The US authorities also said passengers would be subject to long security checks on arrival if the data was not sent in advance.
Parliament opposition
The US demanded tighter airline security worldwide after the 11 September 2001 attacks on New York and Washington by suicide hijackers.
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The ruling ensures that there is... no disruption of transatlantic air traffic, and that a high level of security is maintained until 30 September European Commission spokesman Johannes Laitenberger |
It asked the European Court of Justice to annul the deal.
However, the court did not consider the privacy argument in its ruling, and confined itself to examing the legal basis of the data transfer.
It said the EU Data Protection Directive, on which the Council of the European Union and the European Commission based their actions did not apply to data collected for security purposes.
It gave the EU until 30 September 2006 to find a new legal solution.
Passengers unaffected
"The ruling ensures that there is no lowering of data protection standards, no effect on passengers, no disruption of transatlantic air traffic, and that a high level of security is maintained until 30 September," said the European Commission's chief spokesman Johannes Laitenberger.
"The Commission is committed to working with all parties involved to find an appropriate arrangement by that time."
"It does not seem to alter the reality of the situation to any major extent," said David Henderson, a spokesman for the Association of European Airlines
"It's really a problem for the lawyers."
| لینک |
 The US airline industry is a tough marketplace at present |
Delta and Northwest now aim to join United and US Airways, which are already operating under Chapter 11.
Chapter 11 gives a US company time to rearrange its finances while still conducting business.
The US airline industry - recently hit by high fuel costs and tough competition - has failed to recover from the post-11 September downturn.
Delta is the third-largest airline in the US by revenues and Northwest is the fourth.
Cost-cutting
Atlanta-based Delta said the move would help "address its financial challenges and support its ongoing efforts to become a simpler, more efficient and cost-effective airline".
| LARGEST US CARRIERS 1. American 2. United 3. Delta 4. Northwest 5. Continental 6. US By revenue. Source: Fortune 500 |
"The action we have taken is a necessary and responsible step to preserve Delta's value for our creditors, customers, employees, business partners and other stakeholders as we address our financial challenges and work to secure our future," added Delta chief executive Gerald Grinstein.
Northwest said it would continue to operate as normal.
"As we have consistently stated, the airline industry has changed permanently," said Doug Steenland, Northwest president and chief executive.
"Northwest must significantly lower its costs to compete with other carriers.
"By filing for Chapter 11 now, we ensure that we have the means to complete the transformation of Northwest quickly and effectively."
Worldwide problem
Bankruptcy speculation has dogged both Delta and Northwest for months.
Delta has lost $10bn (£5bn) since 2001, and is saddled with $14bn in debt.
Minnesota-based Northwest's problems are focused on high labour costs, which it is trying to cut by $1.1bn.
Delta and Northwest are known as "legacy" airlines in the US, as they are two of its long-established, traditional flyers.
In Europe such airlines are generally known as "flag carriers", as they were historically state-owned.
On both sides of the Atlantic, such airlines have faced increased competition from a new generation of low-cost carriers in recent years.
This additional competition, in combination with higher fuel costs and reduced passenger numbers after the September 11 attacks, has caused financial difficulties for those legacy airlines that have not been able to successfully reform quickly enough.
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